Tooth Sensitivity

Definition, Causes, and Treatment Options

Tooth sensitivity is a common condition that impacts quality of life, particularly affecting dietary choices, maintaining oral hygiene, and even aesthetics.

A 2013 study in the United States reported an incidence rate of 12.3% for dentin hypersensitivity (tooth sensitivity) among patients who visited dental clinics. Younger adults, ages 18 to 44, reported higher rates of sensitivity compared to those over 65, and women were more likely to experience sensitivity than men. Patients who used at-home teeth whitening treatments also reported more sensitivity than those who opted for in-office treatments.

What is Tooth Sensitivity?

Tooth sensitivity is defined as a sharp, short-lived pain triggered when the protective outer layers of a tooth, such as enamel or cementum, are worn away, exposing dentin to external stimuli.

Tooth sensitivity typically causes discomfort in response to extreme temperatures (hot or cold), tactile pressure, or chemical triggers. This discomfort must not be linked to other dental conditions like cavities, pulpitis, dental trauma, fractured prosthetic work, or gum disease, which should all be ruled out before diagnosing tooth sensitivity.

Causes and Risk Factors for Tooth Sensitivity

Several factors can contribute to or increase the risk of tooth sensitivity:

• Enamel loss due to wear, abrasion, or erosion;
• Gum recession exposing the tooth root, often due to cavities or periodontal disease;
• Poor oral hygiene that allows plaque and tartar buildup;
• Untreated cavities;
• Gum surgery that leaves the tooth root exposed;
• Cracked fillings;
• Diets high in acidic foods or beverages;
• Acid reflux.
   

Frequent aggressive brushing and teeth whitening treatments may also contribute to tooth sensitivity, although their exact impact remains unclear. Dentists also consider risk factors when diagnosing tooth sensitivity, including:

• Periodontal disease;
• Xerostomia (dry mouth);
• Excessive consumption of acidic foods and drinks;
• Gum recession, particularly in older adults;
• Chewing tobacco use;
• Aggressive tooth brushing habits;
• Conditions like bulimia.

Diagnosing Tooth Sensitivity

Only a dentist can diagnose tooth sensitivity, typically through a thorough examination.

The dentist will ask about the patient’s medical history and consider questions regarding pain intensity, when discomfort began, and factors that may increase or decrease pain levels. They will then conduct a physical exam, recreating stimuli to assess the sensitivity level experienced by the patient.

Treatment Options for Tooth Sensitivity

Treatment for tooth sensitivity starts with identifying and addressing its underlying causes. If aggressive or improper brushing is a cause, the dentist may recommend using soft-bristled toothbrushes, gentle brushing techniques, and desensitizing toothpaste.

Fluoride Treatment and Toothpaste

Fluoride toothpaste or specially formulated desensitizing toothpaste can help reduce tooth sensitivity. These toothpastes often contain potassium salts, which studies suggest can significantly reduce sensitivity. For best results, use with a soft-bristled toothbrush, and consider rinsing with minimal water for prolonged efficacy.

Studies also indicate that remineralizing toothpaste can substantially alleviate tooth sensitivity. In-office fluoride treatments may also be recommended.

Laser Treatment

Laser therapy is an option for managing tooth sensitivity, with effectiveness rates reaching up to 100%, depending on the type of laser and specific treatment settings. A 2013 review of research from 2000-2010 concluded that laser therapy for tooth sensitivity was preferable to other localized treatments, noting its safety and accessibility for patients.

Mouthwash and Chewing Gum

Research also shows that mouthwash containing potassium nitrate and fluoride effectively reduces tooth sensitivity. Potassium nitrate, available in solutions or adhesive gels, decreases nerve excitability, reducing pain perception.

If gum recession is the underlying cause of tooth sensitivity, the dentist may recommend a consultation with a periodontist for specialized treatment.

Dietary Adjustments

People with tooth sensitivity should pay special attention to their diet. Carbonated drinks, citrus fruits, alcoholic beverages, and certain dairy products (like yogurt) can act as erosive agents and worsen sensitivity. Dentists may recommend drinking water or milk after acidic foods or beverages or brushing teeth after meals to mitigate sensitivity.

In conclusion, tooth sensitivity is a widespread chronic condition in adults that results from enamel or cementum loss, exposing the dentin to external triggers. The degree of sensitivity varies based on several factors, and the dentist will provide the diagnosis and recommend the most suitable treatment approach.

For mild to moderate cases, DENT ESTET dentists may recommend proper brushing techniques and desensitizing products. Severe sensitivity cases are best managed through in-office treatments and regular follow-up appointments.