Types of Dental Cavities and Their Complications

Dental cavities are the most common dental condition worldwide, affecting both children and adults, with potential negative effects on general health and quality of life.

According to the FDI World Dental Federation, 44% of the global population experiences complications from untreated dental cavities, which can lead to severe consequences when infections result in systemic health issues.

What Is a Dental Cavity and Why Does It Occur?

A dental cavity is a condition involving the breakdown of tooth enamel due to acids produced by bacteria in the oral cavity.

Approximately 700 types of bacteria reside in the mouth, many of which are beneficial and protect oral health. However, some bacteria accumulate as plaque and convert food particles left on the teeth into acids, which erode enamel.

Without daily dental hygiene and routine prophylactic care, bacteria can contribute to cavities, gum disease, and periodontal disease. Genetics, frequent consumption of sugary foods, carbohydrates, or acidic beverages can also increase the risk of cavities and their complications.

Types of Cavities and Their Complications

Cavities do not heal on their own. When left untreated, they can progress and may ultimately lead to tooth loss. A deep cavity damages enamel, dentin, and the pulp chamber, causing pulp infection and pain.

Types of Dental Cavities

Cavities can be classified based on various criteria.

By cavity depth:

• Superficial;
• Medium;
• Deep.

By location:

• Coronal cavities or contact surface cavities (occlusal, interdental, and cervical);
• Lateral surface cavities;
• Root cavities (affecting the tooth root);
• Secondary cavities (forming around existing fillings).

Complications of Dental Cavities

Cavity complications are one of the main causes of tooth loss, yet they can be prevented. Missing teeth can adversely affect oral health and quality of life, as chewing efficiency is reduced, impacting digestion and nutrient absorption.

Dental prophylaxis (brushing twice daily and regular professional cleanings) is an effective way to prevent cavity development, thereby avoiding complex and costly treatments.

Types of Cavities and Their Treatment

Coronal Cavities

Coronal cavities affect the biting surface and can be further divided into occlusal, interdental, and cervical cavities (at the gum line).

Occlusal Cavities

These cavities develop on the chewing surfaces of molars at the back of the mouth. Because food can get trapped in the grooves and pits of the occlusal surface, demineralization and then cavities can form if proper brushing is neglected. Since early-stage cavities are often only detectable by a dentist, biannual dental check-ups and prophylaxis sessions are essential to prevent them and stop lesions from spreading.

For more complicated occlusal cavities, a root canal treatment with laser may be required. At DENT ESTET clinics, advanced Biolase lasers—WaterLase® and Epic Biolase—are used in endodontic treatments. The laser thoroughly cleans the dentin, removes bacteria, and treats the affected tissue. Compared to traditional tools, WaterLase and Epic Biolase provide a more comfortable experience, significantly reducing pain and healing time.

Interdental Cavities

Interdental cavities are usually identified during dental exams, as they’re not easily visible. They’re often discovered only when the tooth is already damaged. For crowded or misaligned teeth, detecting interdental cavities is even more challenging. Dentists recommend brushing with interdental brushes, using dental floss, and water flossers to prevent this type of cavity.

Cervical Cavities

Cervical cavities develop near the gum line, between the crown and the root (the dental cervix). Without proper brushing and flossing, plaque and tartar can build up at the gum line, leading to this type of cavity. Poor oral hygiene increases tartar buildup and gingival recession, which may result in complications.

Lateral Surface Cavities

Lateral surface cavities typically form on the smooth surfaces of the side teeth. This type of lesion progresses slowly and is less common. Because it develops gradually, it’s easier to treat, often with fluoride treatments, such as gels, fluoride toothpaste, or rinses. However, if not detected early, it may require a filling to repair the damage. Interproximal cavities may also complicate lateral cavities. A digital X-ray helps determine the severity and treatment needed.

Root Cavities

Root cavities affect the root, the part of the tooth embedded in the jawbone, securing it in place. These are more common in older adults with gum recession. When gums recede, the tooth root becomes exposed to factors that increase the risk of cavities, such as bacteria and tartar.

Root cavity treatment involves root canal therapy, which has a 95% success rate. For successful root canal therapy, the endodontist follows specific steps:
 

• Proper isolation of the tooth (using a dental dam);
• Accessing and accurately identifying all canals;
• Utilizing a dental microscope to magnify the inside of the tooth.
   

Since the root is not protected by enamel, cavities can spread relatively quickly, making prompt intervention by an endodontist crucial to saving the tooth.

Secondary Cavities

Secondary cavities form around existing fillings or prosthetic work. They typically develop at the interface between the filling material and the tooth. Poorly executed fillings are a common reason for secondary cavities. It is important to choose an experienced dentist and a reputable clinic to ensure high-quality treatment.